ジョス・デ・ムル、「次世代の自然─崇高なる自然科学技術的風景」 仲間裕子、竹中悠美編『風景の人類学─自然と都市、そして記憶の表象』 三元社、2020年  [Jos de Mul, NextNature. Sublime natural and technological landscapes. In: Nakama Yuko and Takenaka Yumi (ed.), An Anthropology of Landscape - On Representations of Nature, Cities and Memories. Tokyo: Sangensha, 2020. 

商品基本情報

• 発売日：  2020年04月02日頃
• 著者／編集：  仲間裕子, 竹中悠美
• 出版社：  三元社
• 発行形態：  単行本
• ページ数：  336p - ISBNコード：  9784883035076

Bruno Accarino, Jos de Mul und Hans-Peter Krüger (Hrsg.). Internationales Jahrbuch für Philosophische Anthropologie. Band 8 / International Yearbook for Philosophical Anthropology. Volume 8. Thomas Ebke & Sabina Hoth (Hrsg.), Die Philosophische Anthropologie und ihr Verhältnis zu den Wissenschaften der Psyche.  Berlin: De Gruyter, 2019, 398 p.

"Gemessen an der zum Zeitpunkt des Entstehens der philosophischen Anthropologie noch teilweise gegebenen wechselseitigen Offenheit führen die Geisteswissenschaften heute ein weitgehend auf den eigenen Bereich zurückgezogenes Leben, und ein selbstbewusster Ausgriff etwa von Seiten der philosophischen Anthropologie auf die Lebenswissenschaften und die Wissenschaften von der Psyche wird selten gewagt. Hier ist der besprochene Jahresband eine nicht hoch genug zu schätzende Ausnahme, die allerdings nach Ansicht des Rezensenten noch selbstbewusster vonstatten gehen könnte. Hermeneutisches, epistemologisches, auf Semantik und z. B. Daseinsanalyse gehendes Denken muss vor den Grenzen der Naturwissenschaft nicht Halt machen. Ein zunächst zeit- und ortsgebundene Qualitäten als Unikate konstatierender und reflektierender, dann erst, wo angebracht, diese skalierender Weltentwurf kann selbst-bewusst dem naturwissenschaftlich-skalierenden beigesellt werden. Entsprechend gliedert sich die nachfolgende Rezension in zwei Teile. Einmal bespreche und kommentiere ich Kapitel, zu denen ich aus beruflichem Hintergrund etwas zu sagen habe. Zweitens begründe ich, weshalb eine philosophisch-reflektierende Betrachtungsweise der Gegenstände der Naturwissenschaft berechtigt ist, und wie sie nach Ansicht auch der mit dem Rezensenten publizierenden Autorengruppe durchgeführt werden könnte. Die im Buch für die Wissenschaften der Psyche referierten Einsichten sind somit auf eine Auffassung von Naturgeschehen insgesamt auszudehnen."

Thomas Fröhlich

Jos de Mul. Aesthetics of everyday life in times of corona. Keynote at the 8th Mediterrenean Congress for Aesthetics. Dephi: European Cultural Centre of Delphi, September 10-12, 2020.

Aesthetics as a philosophical discipline is confronted today with the challenge of responding to complex phenomena of contemporary daily life. The 8th Mediterranean Congress for Aesthetics focuses on the aesthetics of everyday life, as a field of study that is concerned with the interplay of the active subject with the social-political milieu of contemporary cities. In this respect, it aims to the pursuit of aspects and attitudes of aesthetic appreciation, that emerge through a live interaction and intermingling of the human subject with the urban environment, in the public and the private domain. They are probably in contrast or/and in fertile dialogue with aesthetic sensation and evaluation criteria, that develop institutionally through educational and cultural systems, political decisions, etc. Moreover, factors such as digital technology and the immediacy of communication affect and elaborate diverse aesthetic considerations, so far as they play a decisive role in a contemporary investigation of the aesthetic aspect of everyday life.
The congress aims to a creative debate between philosophers, aestheticians, art theorists and theorists of architecture, as well as artists, architects, urban and landscape designers, theorists and researchers of culture and the media, who are interested in formulating a critical contemplation, in relation to the aesthetics of everyday life in contemporary cities.

Jos de Mul. These boots are made for talkin'. Some reflections on Finnish mobile immobility. In: Oiva Kuisma, Sanna Lehtinen and Harri Mäcklin (Eds.), Paths from the Philosophy of Art to Everyday Aesthetics. Finnish Society for Aesthetics Publication Series. Volume 1, 2019, 214-222.

These boots are made for talkin’. Some reflections on Finnish mobile immobility

You can’t be a Real Country unless you have a beer and an airline—it helps if you have some kind of a football team, or some nuclear weapons, but at the very least you need a beer.

                                                                                                              Frank Zappa

Abstract

On January 13-15 2005, a conference entitled Aesthetics and Mobility was held in Helsinki. On invitation of the organizers, Arto Haapela (University of Helsinki) and Ossi Naukkarinen (University of Art and Design Helsinki), I took part in this wonderful event. I knew Arto from the regular meetings of the International Association for Aesthetics and it was a great opportunity to get acquainted with his research project Aesthetics, Mobility, and Change and his international network of scholars. As it was my first visit to Finland, I also took the opportunity to get introduced to Helsinki and Finnish culture.  Afterwards, I wrote down my impressions of the conference and my memories of the visit. On occasion of the Festschrift for Arto I’ve worked up these personal notes as a tribute to him, esteemed colleague and distant friend.

Bruno Accarino, Jos de Mul und Hans-Peter Krüger (Hrsg.). Internationales Jahrbuch für Philosophische Anthropologie. Band 8 / International Yearbook for Philosophical Anthropology. Volume 8. Thomas Ebke & Sabina Hoth (Hrsg.). Die Tier-Mensch-Differenz in der Philosophischen Anthropologie, in der Psychoanalyse und der Psychologie.  Berlin: De Gruyter, 2019, 324 p.

Jos de Mul. The Emergence of Practical Self-Understanding. Human Agency and Downward Causation in Plessner’s Philosophical Anthropology. In: Human Studies, December 2018 (DOI: 10.1007/s10746-018-09483-2)

Abstract Helmuth Plessner’s Levels of Organic Life and the Human [Die Stufen des Organischen und der Mensch, 1928] is one of the founding texts of twentieth century philosophical anthropology (understood as philosophical reflection on the fundamental characteristics of the human lifeform). It is argued that Plessner’s work demonstrates the fundamental indispensability of the qualitative humanities vis-à-vis the naturalscientific study of man. Plessner’s non-reductionist, emergentist naturalism allots complementary roles to the causal and functional investigations of the life sciences and the phenomenological and hermeneutic interpretation of the phenomenon of life in its successive levels and stages. Within this context, human agency can be understood as a higher-order property of organic life, which act by the selective activation of lower-level psychophysical powers. Plessner’s three ‘anthropological laws’ are used to situate the notion of practical self-understanding in between two extremes: deterministic views that deny human freedom and responsibility and views that ascribe an unrealistic amount of autonomy to human beings.

Keywords Helmuth Plessner · Philosophical anthropology · Non-reductionist naturalism · Emergentism · Downward causation · Human agency · Practical selfunderstanding

Jos de Mul. Polyzentrizität und Poly(ex)zentrizität: neue Stufen der Positionalität? Zu Telerobotern, Craniopagus-Zwillingen und globalen Gehirnen. In: A. Henkel & G. Lindemann (Hrsg.) Mensch und Welt im Zeichen der Digitalisierung. Baden Baden: Nomos, 2019, 187-207.

In diesem Kapitel untersuche Ich die Möglichkeit einer nächsten Stufe der Positionalität jenseits der Stufe der exzentrischen Positionalität, wie sie Plessner in Die Stufen des Organischen und der Mensch eingeführt hat. Ich stelle zwei mögliche Kandidaten für eine nächste Positionalitätsstufe vor. Die erste Möglichkeit betrifft telerobotic experiences (telerobotische Erfahrungen), über die Howard Rheingold in seinem Buch Virtual Reality von 1995 berichtete und auf die ich in meinem Freiburger Vortrag von 2000 zurückgegriffen hatte. Entsprechende telerobotische Experimente wurden in jüngerer Zeit von Wissenschaftlern wie dem japanischen Roboterforscher Hiroshi Ishiguro in seinen Experimenten mit geminoiden Robotern noch systematischer und detaillierter fortgeführt – mit androiden Robotern, die existierenden Personen gleichen, im Falle von Ishiguro ihm selbst. In diesem Kontext werde ich diese künstlichen Formen der Polyzentrizität zudem mit deren natürlichem Gegenstück vergleichen: der sogenannten Schwarmintelligenz (hive mind) sozialer Insekten. Als zweiten Kandidaten einer möglichen nächsten Positionalitätsstufe
werde ich die sogenannten Craniopagus-Zwillinge diskutieren. Es handelt sich dabei um Zwillinge, die an Kopf und Gehirn verbunden sind. Weil sie so Teile des Thalamus teilen (einen Bereich des Gehirns, der für das Bewusstsein eine wichtige Rolle spielt), sind sie in der Lage, wechselseitig ihre Gedanken zu lesen. Obwohl Craniopagus-Zwillinge ein sehr seltenes Naturphänomen sind, könnte die Form von Positionalität, die sich in ihnen ausdrückt, als Vorreiter jener künstlicher Formen poly(ex)zentrischer Positionalität angesehen werden, die die Form künstlicher Thalamus-Brücken (artifical thalamic bridges) annehmen. Diese könnten ein zentrales Element in der Konstruktion sogenannter globaler Gehirne sein und eine menschliche Schwarmintelligenz begleiten.

Jos de Mul.  Leben erfaßt hier Leben: Dilthey as a philosopher of (the) life (sciences). In: Eric Nelson (ed.). Interpreting Dilthey. Cambridge University Press, 2019, 41-60. 

Eric Nelson (ed.). Interpreting Dilthey. 

In this wide-ranging and authoritative volume, leading scholars engage with the philosophy and writings of Wilhelm Dilthey, a key figure in nineteenth-century thought. Their chapters cover his innovative philosophical strategies and explore how they can be understood in relation to their historical situation, as well as presenting incisive interpretations of Dilthey's arguments, including their development, their content, and their influence on later thought. A key focus is on how Dilthey's work remains relevant to current debates around art and literature, the biographical and autobiographical self, knowledge, language, science, culture, history, society, and psychology and the embodied mind. The volume will be important for researchers in hermeneutics, aesthetics, practical philosophy, and the history of German philosophy, providing a valuable introduction to Dilthey's work as well as detailed critical analysis of its ongoing significance.

Klaartje Jaspers. Will artificial intelligence create a shared supermind? Interview with philosophical anthropologist Jos de Mul. Newsroom Erasmus University. June 11, 2018.

Will robots outsmart humans? Erasmus philosophical anthropologist Jos de Mul thinks such beliefs show a gross overestimation of the capacities of robots. Self-replicating robots could take over, he thinks, but they would be inferior to their human counterpart. Instead of robots taking over, De Mul believes humans might develop like bees: sharing their individual psyche to form a shared supermind.

‘Plato was scared of the ability to read and write. He thought script would be a dead memory without the ability to think creatively. In the same way people now are scared of computers. But script and computers are just means, extensions of ourselves, allowing us to do certain things better.’ No, Jos de Mul is not scared of robots and algorithms, but he is urging us to think carefully about how we use them.

Zillions of neurons united

The fear that robots could become autonomous is justified, but they will not be superior in their intellect for a long time to come, De Mul believes. ‘Perhaps they can beat us at chess but they have had trouble learning how to walk up stairs or recognise faces. That’s not so strange, if you realise the human brain has billions of neurons, and so far we haven’t even managed to simulate the complete network of a species with very few neurons, like the Caenorhabditis elegans – a roundworm.’

Imagine what would happen if we could put all our neurons together. We’re already heading towards such a ‘swarm mind’, De Mul emphasises. ‘It’s already happening when you buy a book online and the computer suggests titles that other buyers of that book have bought. Amazon recently got a patent on an algorithm that can predict what book is going to be sold where, so they can send it before you realise you want it. “Anticipatory shipping”, they call it.’

 Floortje Scheepers,  Jos de Mul,  Frits Boer and  Witte Hoogendijk. Psychosis as an evolutionary adaptive mechanism to changing environments. Frontiers of Psychiatry, Volume  9,  June 2018.

Background: From an evolutionary perspective it is remarkable that psychotic disorders, mostly occurring during fertile age and decreasing fecundity, maintain in the human population.

Aim: To argue the hypothesis that psychotic symptoms may not be viewed as an illness but as an adaptation phenomenon, which can become out of control due to different underlying brain vulnerabilities and external stressors, leading to social exclusion.

Methods: A literature study and analysis.

Results: Until now, biomedical research has not unravelld the definitive etiology of psychotic disorders. Findings are inconsistent and show non-specific brain anomalies and genetic variation with small effect sizes. However, compelling evidence was found for a relation between psychosis and stressful environmental factors, particularly those influencing social interaction. Psychotic symptoms may be explained as a natural defense mechanism or protective response to stressful environments. This is in line with the fact that psychotic symptoms most often develop during adolescence. In this phase of life, leaving the familiar, and safe home environment and building new social networks is one of the main tasks. This could cause symptoms of “hyperconsciousness” and calls on the capacity for social adaptation.

Conclusions: Psychotic symptoms may be considered as an evolutionary maintained phenomenon.Research investigating psychotic disorders may benefit from a focus on underlying general brain vulnerabilities or prevention of social exclusion, instead of psychotic symptoms.

Keywords: psychosis, evolution, adaptation, social exclusion, defense mechanism